通过先进的控制电子设备提高服务器效率
通过先进的控制电子设备提高服务器效率
由Mark Gaboriault,战略营销总监,
Alexander Latham, Systems Engineer, and
Thomas Rowan, Strategic Marketing Manager,
快板™ 微系统公司
Power-management methods and three-phase BLDCs for cooling reduce data-center energy use. This note discusses emerging energy-conservation strategies and examines some of the Allegro™ products that support these technologies.
Introduction
The worldwide growth in computer server farms and Internet traffic has resulted in this infrastructure consuming global energy production at an accelerating rate. It is now estimated that the world’s 500,000 data centers and 32 million individual servers consume 1.5% of global electricity—about 300 TWh of electricity per year (reference 1).
具有显着的效率改进,现在关注服务器组件级别的电源和热量管理,特别是在车载冷却粉丝本身,这消耗了服务器所使用的总功率的10%至15%(参考2)。
集成控制电子设备的最新进展为服务器提供了本地闭环控制,并在组件内部需求。这些进步还可以从传统的单相BLDC(无刷DC)电机中迁移到高效的三相BLDC电机,用于风扇,通常实现效率高达25%。
The electronic devices allow inexpensive management of server components with minimal contributions to thermal signature, power draw, or physical size. Some, such as theAllegro MicroSystems A4942 three-phase sensorless BLDC fan-motor driver chip, are small enough to fit onto the hub PCB of mini ducted fans. The hub PCB is a small ring-shaped board with as little as 5-mm effective width, to accommodate the rotor shaft (figure 1). Monitor ICs, such as theACS761型,提供电流和电源监控和控制,在各个服务器刀片级别启用热插拔管理。
图1标准机架式和刀片式服务器中的风扇管理、电流感应、热插拔管理和PoS调节应用程序。亚博尊贵会员
活力reduction strategies
The latest generations of servers provide several new approaches to energy management, which allow rapid recovery of conversion costs—often within a year. For example, microprocessors have been designed for higher throughput in smaller packages, requiring less power and generating less heat.
对各个热源的研究,主要是电力供应和微处理器及其外壳,导致优化的散热片几何形状和部件布局,具有通道的护罩,以直接穿过这些关键区域的层流气流。这补充了最近近期的高效导管微型(小于40毫米)串联风扇电机组件,在这些流动路径中串联或平行阵列排列。
增加空气flow efficiency and minimize footprint, the integrated fans assemble in tandem pairs that share the same ducting. The two fans are, however, completely independent in terms of mounting shaft and drive electronics. While this could gain an advantage from modular control, in fact it can introduce problems effecting reliable sensorless motor startup: left to themselves, one of the motors will start first, causing airflow over the other fan and dragging the motor and interfering with the open-loop startup sequence.
当电机重启时,当一个风扇尚未停止转动时,可能会出现类似的问题。过去,这种现象使得在重新启动之前允许两个粉丝来完成完整的停止。新的电动机驱动器IC包含一个自适应启动算法,当电动机通过串联风扇或电机和风扇从先前的电源循环开始时,可以解释电动机时通过气流驱动。高级IC可以修改上电序列以调整此功能,并允许两个风扇在整个电源周期中以最大效率同步运行。
然而,气流的优化是固定的,需要改进PID控制系统,以便在速度和空闲时间方面优化风扇的使用。许多服务器的利用率很小。在低需求期间,可以通过低功率模式甚至自动启动的断电模式来节省能源。
这可以通过监控电流消耗作为组件操作的电流检测IC来完成,该电流检测IC在用于低电流车载应用程序的服务器中的PCB上,或用于高侧电流检测的电源线。亚博尊贵会员这些紧凑的IC测量电流磁力,使用霍尔效应,消除了对感测电阻的需求,耗尽热量。例如,诸如Allegro中的集成导体ACS758型,仅具有100μΩ的电阻,这是比典型感测电阻低的数量级,并导致显着的功率节省。
这项技术还提供了一个紧凑的封装隔离电流传感,提供了闭环反馈低电压输出信号。采用先进的PWM电机驱动器,这些设备可以控制电源电流浪涌,并确保直接闭环风扇转速控制,以保持气流速度一致,并与实际冷却要求成比例。
这也导致材料节省,因为电动机不必过度指定以补偿大的电动机到电动机扭矩和速度变化。各个电机通常具有在单元之间变化超过10%的电气特性。另外,在电源和负载方面,电动机安装在电源和负载方面的局部环境以及来自冷却剂流动和相邻热源的热负荷。
Advanced PWM motor drivers and hot-swapping current monitoring ICs can suppress current surges as the motors turn on. New device types apply soft-start PWM current-ramping techniques that allow the designer to optimize tradeoffs between surge current and power cycle times (figure 2).
图2.软启动在降低浪涌电流方面的效果
Additional efficiency is gained by the test device—in this case, the A4942—which has advanced features that start to energize the motor phase windings in advance of the timing defined by the rotor position.
This phase advance technique ensures that the phase windings have reached the required current level at the point where the resulting forward torque on the rotor will be most effective, thereby improving motor efficiency. Note that the start and stop conditions are the same but with soft start, the maximum current is greatly reduced. The longer power-up may not be significant in start-stop fan applications, and can be programmed to tradeoff with power surge.
集成热插拔管理
Existing server-blade technology seeks to minimize these variances by the modular approach, placing power supplies and cooling fans off-board from the memory storage and processor elements. However, this incurs significant risks in hot swapping. Current sensor ICs with integrated hot swapping controls manage power surges that occur due to the makes and breaks of electromechanical connections. The soft start of an external FET controls the hot-swap power surge and provides current limiting (figure 3). By controlling the FET turn-on time when power is connected, the hot-swap current-sensor IC, in this example the ACS761, reduces the inrush current from 32 A to 12 A.
图3热插拔电流浪涌抑制模拟
热插拔管理会影响服务器中其他组件的设计。这就降低了对高浪涌电流等级部件的额定要求。此外,通过集成电流和功率限制,热插拔IC不仅将必须与操作员隔离以符合UL 60950的电路板面积减至最小,而且还提供短路保护。
Three-phase motor advantages
虽然单相BLDC电动机成本低于三相电动机,但增长的能源成本使三相电机的效率提高了经济偏移。单相BLDC电机到三相BLDC的典型效率提高约为25%。
设计使用电机软启动等技术实现进一步的成本降低,以减少启动电源的电流电源。这种浪涌电流的降低还允许较小的FET并降低电源的成本。
除了优化的电机驱动器外,功率调节技术可以优化服务器内各种组件和系统的操作。QFN大小的DC-TO-DC调节器提供集成的供应点管理,具有先进的功能,例如高效率的同步整流,最小可控的次数,以及优化的高和低侧FET rDS(on)V的比率在/ V出去在服务器中常见的比率。这些提供强大的容错电源管理,可承受可变操作条件,并检测并检测各种故障条件。
三相无刷直流电动机采用先进的集成电路控制和监测,提供了显着的效率提高,并提供了一个路径,以未来的改进。由于这些技术可以应用于子系统级,因此可以扩展到分布式发电(DG)和热电联产(CHP)系统。随着电子评估技术的改进,这些设备增强了服务器系统微电网与智能电网系统的集成。
参考文献:
1.大卫•比略(Biello,David),《脸谱网能否展示如何减少互联网日益增长的能源消耗?》,《科学美国人》(Scientific American),2012年8月3日。
2. Neudorfer, Julius, How to Optimize the Energy Efficiency of Your Server, eWeek, March 5, 2009.
Originally published in Power Systems Design, December 2012. Reprinted with permission.
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